Which instrument represents requests for information without a warrant?

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Multiple Choice

Which instrument represents requests for information without a warrant?

National Security Letters are administrative information demands used by federal agencies in national security investigations to obtain records from banks, telecoms, and internet service providers without a court order. They rely on statutory authority and generally do not require a warrant, though they often come with confidentiality/gag provisions. The other options involve processes that include some form of judicial authorization or formal procedure: a search warrant requires probable cause and court approval; the Right to Financial Privacy Act (RFPA) requests typically need consent or a court/agency authorization; grand jury subpoenas are part of a formal criminal proceeding. Because NSLs are specifically designed to obtain information without a warrant, they best fit the question.

National Security Letters are administrative information demands used by federal agencies in national security investigations to obtain records from banks, telecoms, and internet service providers without a court order. They rely on statutory authority and generally do not require a warrant, though they often come with confidentiality/gag provisions. The other options involve processes that include some form of judicial authorization or formal procedure: a search warrant requires probable cause and court approval; the Right to Financial Privacy Act (RFPA) requests typically need consent or a court/agency authorization; grand jury subpoenas are part of a formal criminal proceeding. Because NSLs are specifically designed to obtain information without a warrant, they best fit the question.

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